Realizing the Research Potential of the ISS Once and for All

Scientists say crack HIV/AIDS puzzle for drugs, Reuters

"Scientists say they have solved a crucial puzzle about the AIDS virus after 20 years of research and that their findings could lead to better treatments for HIV. British and U.S. researchers said they had grown a crystal that enabled them to see the structure of an enzyme called integrase, which is found in retroviruses like HIV and is a target for some of the newest HIV medicines. "Despite initially painstakingly slow progress and very many failed attempts, we did not give up and our effort was finally rewarded," said Peter Cherepanov of Imperial College London, who conducted the research with scientists from Harvard University. The Imperial and Harvard scientists said that having the integrase structure means researchers can begin fully to understand how integrase inhibitor drugs work, how they might be improved, and how to stop HIV developing resistance to them."

Keith's note: The next time someone asks you what the value of growing large, perfect protein crystals is in biomedical research (such as those grown on the ISS) refer them to this discovery. In this instance, these crystals were grown on Earth, not in space. But I wonder if a zero G-grown crystal would have accelerated their research? Perhaps if NASA dropped (eliminated) the cost, others could utilize this facility more readily?


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This is great news.. Although it would also make a great plot to a movie.. Picture a world were aids is cured but to only the people that can afford to purchase drugs made in space .. Riots and chaos Ensue The next James Cameron movie? On a serious note wow actual an scientific discovery from the ISS FINALLY! Until now most viewed at it as little more than a 6 month stay at the space hotel where all the rooms have the best view.better late than never I guess?

I don't think it takes a huge centralized microgravity space station in order to grow crystals.

If you want to reduce the cost then take the $2 billion a year away from the ISS program and use it to fund multiple customized HLV launched Skylab-like microgravity space stations that could be individually customized and launched for private companies (for research, commercial products, or tourism), NASA, the military, and friendly governments.

Seriously, I'd give the ISS to Russia, Europe, and Japan for free, if they really want to keep it going! And I'd use that money to fund a real space station program!

Marcel F. Williams

Editor's note: so ... let me get this right: the ISS exists and is virtually completed, the research hardware and personnel are onboard - and you want to take $2 billion away from ISS and go build more (new) space stations with taxpayer dollars and re-create an existing capability? Makes no sense.

take the $2 billion a year away from the ISS program and use it to fund multiple customized HLV launched Skylab-like microgravity space stations

Big Pharma could bypass the tens of billions of NASA funds and a decade of development time needed for an HLV and instead fly a DragonLab in 2012 for a couple hundred mil, or an Almaz service module, or if they needed more lab space, lease a Bigelow BA-330 in 2014.

Or I guess NASA could use a payload rack-sized crystal growth experiment as an excuse to develop a heavy lift launch vehicle. That way Senator Shelby would support it.

Editor's note: or they could do both. Some processes lend themselves to human tending while others do just fine in an automated fashion.

So they grew this crystal in orbit. I wonder how delicate these kinds of crystals are? Was the shuttle necessary to get it back to earth for analysis? Could the crystal have survived a non-shuttle (aka a capsule) landing?

OK - just to clear up confusion in at least two of the posts, this research didn't involve ISS or space at all. Keith was simply pointing out an area that ISS *may* have helped with, and why aren't we using it more (since it's there and we payed for it).

P.S. Check out the comments on the Reuters page - makes me despair at the backwardness and small-mindedness.

As far as utilisation of microgravity is concerned we are only just beginning to scratch the surface. But with respect to Bio-Sciences (my speciality) Space and Lunar Habitats will be a life saver. Literally. I am surprised that our GM experiments have not gone horribly awry... well more horribly awry than they have already:

"In 2002, GM pharmaceutical maize produced by ProdiGene, Inc. contaminated maize and soybean fields in Iowa and Nebraska. As a result, 155 acres of maize and $3 million worth of soybeans had to be destroyed. "
http://www.grain.org/research_files/contamination.pdf

But a Terrestrial Mars sample receiving laboratory? Really how stupid can you get. Even if Mars is dead Dead DEAD! would you risk the entire biosphere? Another area is minimal Ecosystems in a really closed environment. That may be handy the way things are going...

You can put the dunce cape on me now. :-( I totally missed the part where Keith said the crystals were grown on earth.

Zero G or not zero G. That is the question. There is no in-between.

If we use zero G to grow crystals to benefit large and powerful pharmaceutical companies on Earth pumping out NASA approved and NASA endorsed drugs to treat all diseases on Earth, the people living up there have to be still enough to not create vibrations that disturb the zero G environment.

Running on a treadmill and lifting against 300lbs of resistance creates vibrations that disturb the growth of crystals in a zero G environment. The ISS today operates in a scheduled format. Part of the day is allocated to zero G (no vibrations) science experiments and another part of the day is devoted to human exercise which creates vibrations that disqualify the laboratory as a pure zero G research environment.

The crystals grown over an extended period of time are observed up there and when they return to the ground. The crystals grown look promising up there however, when they are returned to the surface, their structures are quite damaged. The idea is to provide limited crystal processing in space and return the finished product. The weight, volume, complexity, cost, and space required is extremely hard to accomplish, otherwise, pharmaceutical companies on Earth would have done it by now.

Growing and processing crystals on unmanned space platforms that produce a pure zero G space environment and the safe return of the products to Earth is a much better alternative. That way, no vibrations are ever present during the growth period. This is the best way since the pharmaceutical companies on Earth can take as much business risk as they want with their own money to achieve their desired business goals and objectives.

The other side of the “To zero G or not to zero G” question is that space explorers have physical needs that are not currently being met on the ISS. They are related to physical needs like breathing air, drinking water, sleeping, exercising, eating, and getting medical attention, and conducting personal hygiene, however, in a much more long term period of time than theses day-to-day type things they need. They are: 1) They need a daily dosage of intermittent artificial gravity that does not make them sick, and 2) they need to be shielded from space radiation. These two needs exist because of the damage space does in the form of bone loss, kidney stones, and radiation exposure that humans are not exposed to on Earth.

These two needs only appear for the people living in space live up there longer than those up there for a fun-filled weekend trip to space. If they don’t get what they need, they suffer. Their suffrage does not visibly manifest itself in immediate measureable and diagnosable terms. It appears after the party is over and everyone has left, leaving the hosts to clean up the mess.

I support NASA’s new direction, issued by the President, which is for them to produce new capabilities that could include a centrifuge to support research into human physiology. I take this new direction to mean that intermittently exposing humans living long term is space could fulfill the need that addresses bone loss and kidney stones.

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This page contains a single entry by Keith Cowing published on January 31, 2010 1:56 PM.

Pre-Announcement Space Policy Reactions was the previous entry in this blog.

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